By Jason Brennan
Chapter 2 of Against Democracy is titled Ignorant, Irrational, Misinformed Nationalists. It argues that voters are well, go ahead and guess.
[su_pullquote align=”right”]Studies overwhelmingly find that the mean, median, and modal levels of basic political knowledge among voters is low, but variance is high.[/su_pullquote]
There is a huge range of studies on voter behavior. These studies overwhelmingly find that the mean, median, and modal levels of basic political knowledge among voters is low, but variance is high. Some voters know a lot, but many know nothing, as they are systematically misinformed. Knowledge makes a significant difference in the policies citizens prefer. Studies of voter psychology find that most people process information in biased and motivated ways. But, voters mean well: voters vote for what they perceive to be the national good rather than their narrow self-interest.
I have been on record saying that some people know better than others. Id rather be ruled by the Harvard economics department than by the first hundred people in the Cambridge phonebook. In Against Democracy, at one point, in response to an objection from Tom Christiano, I point out that on economic issues, the American public is worse than my five-year-old son Keaton. Hes ignorant and agnostic, but American voters are mercantilists. This means Keatons epistemically superior to them, because hes merely ignorant (and, rightly, lacks any opinions), while American voters are systematically wrong.
On this point, I recently had a conversation with a reporter that went roughly as follows:
Reporter: You say some people know better than others. Isnt that elitist?
Brennan: Yes, in the same way that its elitist to say that plumbers know more about plumbing than I do.
Reporter: Oh, that makes sense.
[su_pullquote align=”right”]My suspicion here is that this is because we treat political participation as a high status activity, while we treat nursing or Pokémon knowledge as low status.[/su_pullquote]
Of course we recognize that for most topics such as baseball stats, Pokémon lore, carpentry, typing, nursing, shredding; some people know a lot, some know nothing, and some know less than nothing. No one thinks anything of that. But for some reason, when we get to political and social scientific knowledge, we tend to pretend that everyone is equal, even though we have massive amounts of empirical evidence, collected over 60 years showing otherwise.
My suspicion here is that this is because we treat political participation as a high status activity, while we treat nursing or Pokémon knowledge as low status. To say my plumber understands plumbing better than I doand, accordingly, that the government should consult his opinion about plumbing rather than minedoesnt seem to connote that hes a superior person overall to me. But to say that I understand economics better than my plumber and all that does seem to connote to most people that Im superior overall.
But the problem here isnt with thinking some people know more about politics than others, or that some peoples opinions about politics are more sensible, reliable, or valuable than others. Rather, the problem is that we imbue political participation with such high status. One thing Ive been trying to doe.g., in Civic Virtue without Politics (chapter 2 of The Ethics of Voting); For-Profit Business as Civic Virtue, Journal of Business Ethics; Political Liberty: Who Needs It?, Social Philosophy and Policy; and Politics Is not a Poem, (chapter 5 of Against Democracy)is lower the status of political participation.
I have an elitist view of political knowledgeI think some know much better than othersbut a populist view of civic virtueI think that political participation is nothing special and should have no more status than plumbing or carpentry.
Heres an early post on that point.
Knowledge of any topic is valuable. | Photo Courtesy: UnsplashA question I would like to ask those who express skepticism about whether political scientists and economists are more knowledgeable than Aunt Betty and Uncle Bert; is that if social sciences fail to produce knowledge, why not shut down the universities? Doesnt it mean that the universities are utter failures? Why fund them? Shouldnt we stop wasting all this money and instead spend in on valuable things? On this point, heres an excerpt from an earlier draft of Against Democracy:
On almost any topic inside or outside of politics, some people have superior judgment to others. Despite disagreement, diversity, and self-serving cognitive biases, we can and do form justified true beliefs that some people have superior judgment to others. I justifiably believe my surgeon brother-in-law has superior medical judgment than I do. I justifiably believe my IT tech brother has superior judgment about computers than I do. I justifiably believe my plumber has superior judgment about pipefitting that I do. I justifiably believe that Quantas pilots have superior judgment about piloting than I do. And, while I no doubt suffer from some degree of confirmation bias and self-serving bias, perhaps I justifiably believe that Ia chaired professor of strategy, economics, ethics, and public policy at an elite research university, with a Ph.D. from the top-ranked political philosophy program in the English-speaking world, and with a strong record of peer-reviewed publications in top journals and academic presseshave superior political judgment on a great many political matters to many of my fellow citizens, including to many large groups of them. If I didnt believe that about myself, Id feel like a fraud every time I teach a political economy course.
[su_pullquote align=”right”]On almost any topic inside or outside of politics, some people have superior judgment to others. Despite disagreement, diversity, and self-serving cognitive biases, we can and do form justified true beliefs that some people have superior judgment to others.[/su_pullquote]
One might hold the following view of university teaching: We professors dont really have better political judgment than our students, but we are good at making them have better judgment. However, we professors have also taken a great number of courses from other professors who are supposedly (according to this view) good at making students have better judgment. Did our professors make all the other students develop better judgment, but fail to help usthe ones who became professorshave better judgment? So, I dont see a way out of the view that if youre a professor of X, you should believe you have better judgment with regard to X than the average person. If you dont have better judgment than the average person, you are a fraud, and should either quit or be fired.
Jason F. Brennan is the Robert J. and Elizabeth Flanagan Family Associate Professor of Strategy, Economics, Ethics, and Public Policy at the McDonough School of Business and Associate Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University.
This article was originally published on Bleeding Heart Libertarians
Featured Image Source: Unsplash
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