Trump?s next target ? World Trade Organisation

By Dan Steinbock

In the last few months, the Trump White House has started trade wars against US’s major trade partners, particularly China, and security allies. Without international opposition, the next target will be the World Trade Organisation.

As the White House began to escalate the US-Sino trade war last spring, President Trump’s trade adviser Peter Navarro was asked on CNN if the United States was planning to leave the World Trade Organization (WTO).

A controversial advocate of American neo-protectionism known for his China-bashing books and documentaries, Navarro said that “a lot of problem has been the World Trade Organisation, which is over 160 countries, and a lot of them simply don’t like us and so we don’t get good results there”.
When Navarro was asked whether US would ultimately leave the WTO, he dodged the question saying that it was “a provocative question”. But it was a fair question.

At the turn of the 1930s, Washington opted for the Smoot-Hawley Tariff to re-energise the US economy. In reality, the 1930 Act worsened the Great Depression and paved the way to World War II. In fact, if today’s “Trump tariffs” were to prevail and broaden, they would be at the level of those American tariffs that last prevailed around 1945. With its “America First” stance, the Trump administration aims to reverse seven decades of world trade expansion in just seven months. figure

How “Trump Tariffs” reversed 7 decades of history in 7 months

That’s what Trump’s trade hawks are after and that’s why they are targeting the WTO (which contributed to the dead end of the recent APEC Summit). The goal is to bury the WTO — or to “reform” and “modernise” it into an “America First” WTO.

How Obama paved way to Trump’s anti-WTO attacks

Ironically, US was the key architect of the WTO, the 164-member international organisation established in 1995 that replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was created in 1948. Today, the WTO oversees global trade rules and resolves trade disputes on the basis of international trade law and practices. It covers some 98% of global trade.

In the post-war era, successive rounds of trade liberalisation promoted great expansion of trade. As a result, the average most-favoured nation applied tariff of WTO members fell from 25% in 1994 to less than 10% today — before the Trump era.

As president, Trump prefers bilateral agreements to exploit American economic might, not multilateral, international cooperation. As a candidate, he already called WTO trade deals a “disaster”, urging the US to “renegotiate” or “pull out” from such agreements. Along with the WTO, Trump’s trade hawks targeted China. As Trump declared in Iowa in 2016, “China is not a market economy”. But what’s less understood that he built his attack on his predecessor’s legacy.

Trump’s attack against the WTO and China was preceded by the refusal of former President Obama, the EU, and Japan to grant China its market economy status (MES) as the key clause in China’s 2001 agreement to join the WTO expired on December 11, 2016. It is this distortion of market realities, which paralleled the Obama-Clinton “pivot to Asia”, that now fuels Trump’s tariff wars and the effort to undermine the post-war international trading regime. Trump has greatly benefited from the decisions of those who now criticize him.

When China joined the WTO on December 11, 2001, it was written into the agreement that member states could treat China as a “non-market economy”. Due to the size of the Chinese economy, government intervention, and state-owned enterprises, advanced economies argued that Chinese domestic price comparisons must be ignored and “constructed values” be used to gain a “true picture” of China’s economy. That’s why, since the early 2000s, the surrogate figures have permitted wide discretion and manipulation of price data, which was then used as the basis for anti-dumping charges, that is, tariffs up to 40% higher than normal anti-dumping duties. On the campaign trail, Trump exploited precisely such figures when he pledged that he would introduce 45% tariffs against Chinese products.

In the Trump White House not only China, but all emerging and developing economies are potential targets, as evidenced by the Trump administration’s criticisms of emerging economies claims of special treatment under WTO rules for developing countries.

The WTO is just the latest, though very symbolic, target of those who see America as a “victim” of “unfair” trade — in contrast to the historical record.

America First versus WTO

Setting the scene, the White House has suggested that the US may ignore WTO rulings that are not in its favour, amid alleged concerns that dispute settlement infringes on US sovereignty. It is a curious premise: if every member country of the WTO would opt for a similar approach, a Hobbesian “war of all against all” would replace international cooperation — in the name of “fair trade”.

Starting already with the Obama administration, the US has been blocking new appointments to the WTO’s Appellate Body (AB), which is responsible for appeals. As more judicial terms are set to expire, AB may no longer meet its quorum after December 2019. The tactic basically exploits WTO to dig its own grave.

Unsurprisingly, the Trump administration’s overall approach has sparked questions regarding the future of US leadership and participation in the WTO, as well as the role of Congress in US trade policy. Yet, although unease about the “America First” world trade is growing, many countries still seek bilateral deals with the US. Such opportunism enables the Trump administration to divide and rule over its allies.

In the absence of effective Democratic opposition, a sustained effort by President Trump to withdraw the US unilaterally from the WTO — if legal under US law — would devastate America’s foreign trade, and debilitate the WTO. It would certainly accelerate the major US contraction or severe recession that already looms on the horizon. The more global its impact, the greater the likelihood that it will herald the kind of headwinds and horrors that led to the post-war WTO in the first place.

There is a way to defuse such challenges, but that requires unity and cooperation among and between the major advanced and emerging economies — not against America, but with America (most Americans disapprove “America First” policies). The world can live without “America First” supremacy. But the world cannot live without relatively open free trade.

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Dr. Dan Steinbock is the founder of global consultancy Difference Group and has served as the research director at the India, China, and America Institute (USA). He has been a visiting fellow at the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (China) and the EU Centre (Singapore).