By Steven J. Davis
Steven J. Davis: Its my great honor and privilege to introduce Deputy Prime Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam. Hes the coordinating minister for economic and social policies in Singapore as well [as deputy prime minister], and hes also the chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore. DPM Tharman began his career as an economist at the MAS before becoming managing director of the MAS. He went into politics in 2001, served as Singapores minister for education before becoming minister for finance in 2007. In 2011, DPM Tharman was appointed as chairman of the International Monetary and Financial Committeethats the policy steering committee of the International Monetary Fund. Its a position that he served with great distinction. Among his many other distinctions, he has also been admitted to the Group of Thirty, G30, an international consultative group made up of 30 leading financers and academicians. In announcing the DPMs appointment as the chair of the IMF policy steering committee that I referred to before, the IMF said that his, and Im quoting now, broad experience, deep knowledge of economic and financial issues, and active engagement with global policymakers will be highly valuable to the policy steering committee. I think those words continue to ring true as the DPM addresses us on the economic challenges and social challenges facing Singapore today. Thats the topic of our lunchtime dialogue. Please join me in extending a warm welcome to the DPM.
DPM, allow me to make a few introductory remarks to set the stage for our discussion. If we look around the world, or at least when I look around the world, in many places we see evidence of ethnic and racial tensions. Thats true today; it has been true many times in the past. One aspect of those tensions are concerns about whether everyone in society, regardless of ethnicity, race, religion, or other aspects of background has a fair shot at upward mobility for themselves, for their childrenand that they perceive that they have a fair shot. So in this respect I think Singapore is an extremely interesting case. Its a highly diverse society in terms of its racial, its ethnic, its religious makeup, the diversity of its linguistic and cultural heritages among the people who live and work in Singapore. So what Id like to start by asking is if you could give us a broad overview, what you see as the most important economic policies in bringing Singapore to where it is today, what the challenges were along the way and maybe you also, for the benefit of our international visitors, want to say something about the challenges Singapore faced at the outset. It wasnt always as smoothly functioning as it is today. So I turn it over to you.
Singapore’s social policy
Tharman Shanmugaratnam: I think its a very broad question but obviously very important to our experience. The heart of the Singapore story is actually social policy. I think weve had a relatively successful economy, but I dont think our strategies are unique there. Its social strategies that are at the heart of everything weve achieved, and at the heart of the challenges of the future.
Its very hard to explain Singapore without looking at what weve done in education and what weve done in neighborhoods, in the mix of urban planning and social policy that defines our housing neighborhoods. Thats really the secret sauce of Singapore. Its the way in which we organized urban livinginjected social policy into urban planning, so that people live together without friction, congregate, and over time get to celebrate multiculturalism. So when you take public education and public-housing neighborhoods together, thats really the Singapore story.
Where we started from, as you thoughtfully asked, is important. In some respects our advantage, now looking back, was that we didnt have a whole range of choices when we started. We had to act out of necessity. We were an accidental nation, and if you look at the quarter century before we became independent in 1965, in that quarter century we had three flags and three national anthems. British, Japanese, British again, and then Malaysian, before we became an independent country in 65. We had people who had come from a broad range of culturesvery distinct cultures I would say. And we had many segregated neighborhoods, a product of the many years under the colonial administration. There were some multiracial neighborhoods, but by and large it was segregated living.
So building allegiance to a new country, and building allegiance to each other, was not just an ideal and a vision but a matter of survival. It was a necessity. It meant having to think quite boldly about education, and about what you do to develop your city, not just to upgrade the standard of living, but in a way that got people to live together, to accommodate each other, and if possible to celebrate each other.
Davis: Let me ask you a little bit more about the neighborhoods. So Ive heard you speak and talk on other occasions about exactly how the integration works in the neighborhoods. Id like you to speak to that. The ethnic quotas on resales of flats, and public-housing development, but Id also very much like to hear you identify the other policies that make neighborhoods work in Singapore. Both from the integration side but also on the upward mobility side, the cohesion side.
Shanmugaratnam: Our most intrusive social policy has been to prevent any particular neighborhood, any precinct, and even any individual public apartment block from being dominated by a single ethnicity. We have mandated caps that ensure that theres an ethnic mix in every precinct and every neighborhood. It doesnt tell people where they must live; theyre free to live anywhere in Singapore in a housing market thats market driven, but it places caps so that an area cannot be exclusively Chinese or overwhelmingly Malay-Muslim, or any other ethnicity.
Those caps are intrusive, but without those caps, Singapore would be a different place, because the natural workings of society, as we were finding out, and many other societies are finding out, are that people tend to segregate over time. If we look at the United States, segregation is barely better today than it was in the 1960s despite the achievements of the civil rights movement. If we look at Frances ‘banlieues’, or if we look at even Britain, which has been relatively successful at integrating people of different ethnicities, even in Britain, half of all Muslims live in the bottom 10 percent of neighborhoods, the 10 percent most deprived areas. In Britain theyve got a labor market thats relatively open, but when you have ethnic segregation going together with labor-market exclusion, as in some European societies, thats a potent mix. These are lessons that we are deriving, all the world. In our case, we had to do something early on, do something to avoid these problems, as a matter of necessity.
But apart from having to manage the ethnic composition of neighborhoods, its also important that they be very livable places, and they attract people from a very broad range of socioeconomic backgrounds. We started in the early years by relocating people from very congested urban places and villages into new public-housing estates, but their quality and affordability attracted demand and public housing grew. So its not a small segment. Its actually 85 percent of the whole housing market. Everyone from the poorest to the upper middle class live in public housing, and most young couples in Singapore start off in public housing regardless of their subsequent trajectory of incomes.
Thats social policy, too. Weve designed estates to be not only ethnically integrated but integrated by socioeconomic statuswhere the apartment block with the poorest individuals, in small rental apartments, is less than a stones throw from those with larger apartments and fewer on each floor, which attract those with higher incomes, with no gates and fences between the blocks. And the typical neighborhood also has a cluster of private homes. It means the encounters are daily: you share the same bus stops, youre taking the same MRT or tube, youre going to the same food centers in the neighborhood, and the kids tend to go to the same primary schools. You have the daily encounters, both the predictable and the chance encounters, that make people comfortable with each other.
It means theres no such thing as a disadvantaged neighborhood in Singapore. Weve got disadvantaged individuals, weve got disadvantaged families, sometimes severely disadvantaged, but there is not a single disadvantaged neighborhood in Singapore because weve mixed everyone up from upper middle income to the poorest.
Whats resulted has been not only an ethos of common good, but also something in the economics that we have to value greatly, which is housing-price appreciation that is roughly even regardless of which socioeconomic group youre in. We have a high rate of home-ownership even for the poor, which we make possible by way of public grantsin fact 80 percent of our bottom 20 percent of households by income own a home. But its not just about home-ownership, its also the subsequent, market-driven trajectory of prices and home equity. If you look at it since 1980, almost 35 years, weve had 56 percent per annum appreciation of housing prices for every category of housing, from private housing to the smallest public-housing units. Of course that high rate of appreciation is not repeatable in the future, but the point Im talking about is the evenness. Evenness of wealth accumulation through home-ownership, and weve got that for free. Weve got that for free, without continuous subsidies or intervention to fix prices in the resale market. In other words, we make home-ownership widespread through public grants, but we get something more than that. We get an even rate of home-equity appreciation, and that comes for free because of social-urban planning. No one lives in a disadvantaged neighborhood, and everyone is part of a good, highly livable neighborhood. Weve got something for free, a social ethos and more-equitable economic outcomes, by designing neighborhoods that mix people up.
Security and services in Singapore
Davis: Let me pick up on that point. And you stressed the importance of livable neighborhoods, the fact that there may be disadvantaged people but no disadvantaged neighborhoods. You know Ive come to Singapore many times. Ive walked around the public-housing estates, including among people who are obviously at the lower-income echelons of society, and theres two things that strike me. And I think they play into the livability point you were mentioning. Id like to draw attention to them, and ask how is it that Singapore has done them.
One is, youre safe. Ive never walked around a single neighborhood in Singapore where I feel a threat to my physical security, despite the fact that Im obviously an outsider. I cannot say the same thing about walking around in a poor neighborhood in the US where Im an outsider or many other parts of the world. The other thing, and its related to that: Im impressed by the fact that public services, local public goods are provided to a tolerably high efficiency level and quality level, as far as I can tell, throughout the society. That strikes me as a remarkable achievement, and those two things together seem to go a long ways to achieving this liveability, to making it possible for harmonious interactions among different ethnic and racial and religious groups to take place to build this cohesion. First, do you agree with my assessment? And, second, how is it that Singapore achieved those things, which we dont see in many other places around the world in terms of broad-based physical security, broad-based good performance of the local public-goods sector.
Shanmugaratnam: Well, I think there are a few dimensions to it. First, enforcement of the law has been a very important part of our strategy, and it goes back to the early days. When our first prime minister, Mr. Lee Kuan Yew, passed away a year ago, there were many emotions and memories, many reflections from a very broad range of people on what he represented to them. I found very interesting that some people spoke about things that werent about the economic or social achievements that are normally talked about. Some people simply said, He got rid of the gangsters. Thats what they remembered. He got rid of the gangsters. Not with vigilante squads mind you, but tough laws and enforcement that have in turn led to a new culture. People know that it doesnt pay to join a gang; the penalties are tough on you, families know that, and it becomes a culture of abiding by the law, that feeds on itself. Thats another example of how we get something for free. Tough enforcement of the law creates a culture over time, a culture that keeps society safe.
The second dimension of it is what you also touched on, which we could say is about avoiding the broken window phenomenon. When something is broken, fix it quickly. Not just fix it, but fix it quickly, so people do not see a broken window, and it never becomes a social norm. If a lift breaks down, or if theres a power failure, or in the rare instance where you get a major water failure, fix it quickly. And youre held accountable if youre not meeting the targets.
So thats the second dimension. Look for problems and fix them, and then you create a culture where everyone gets annoyed when something goes wrong. Youve got to get annoyed when things go wrong.
The third dimension of this is in the constant rejuvenation of our neighborhoods. Never let a neighborhood gradually fall into disrepair. Every 20 years or so, we rejuvenate each estate. It requires a budgetary outlay, but its worth the money. Its worth the money because youre keeping that culture of inclusion, and youre keeping that home-equity appreciation across your society.
If I look at my own constituency, Taman Jurong, which is at the heart of the original Jurong Industrial Estate, where Singapores industrial takeoff took place. It was the first housing neighborhood there, and attracted workers and their families from around the island. The first apartment blocks were built in the early 1970s. Started off with very basic amenities. But that first generation of simple homes have now been replaced by new homes, and vastly better facilities. Parks, playgrounds, street soccer courts, activity centers for the older folk, a shopping center, a new food center and market, a community club where people take courses or volunteer to run programs that bring residents together. All publicly owned, shared facilities that make the neighborhood better for everyone.
Liberty during the Lee Kuan Yew era
Davis: Let me go back to the first part of your statement. You mentioned Lee Kuan Yew was beloved, and one of the things he was beloved for was getting rid of the gangsters. But my impression is that he also dealt rather harshly with persons who wanted to stoke racial, ethnic, and religious animositya phenomenon that we see in the US, in my view, and is that a correct assessment? And how important were speech restrictions designed to tamp down these tensions?
Shanmugaratnam: Its a challenge that is not unique to Singapore, and its not just the way the Lee Kuan Yew era was. Its the way we have to think about preserving civil liberties and making democracy work well. How do we do it? What liberties do you constrain in order to let other fundamental liberties progress? Thats a challenge we all face. How do we ensure that regardless of peoples ethnicity they can advance in life? How do we ensure that youre free to practice your faith without feeling insult or oppression? How do we ensure that we live in a city that is safe, and not defined by its most uncivil elements? It requires some trade-offs, and we cant be wide-eyed about it. What liberties do you constrain in order to support other liberties that matter to a broad base of people, and to preserve social trust?
Thats not an excuse for ruling governments to do anything they like, or for any draconian law to be put in place. It does not mean staying in the past. But it means we all have to think responsibly about the guardrails needed for social trust and a healthy democracy to survive.
Davis: It sounds quite challenging in practice, just in the abstract, to draw, to try to draw a line betweenIll use my language here, you can object if you want, an inappropriate stoking of racial and religious tensions and, if you go too far in that direction, youre going to inhibit the legitimate voicing of concerns that might impact one racial or ethnic or religious group more heavily than others. How do you draw that line in practice, or at least how has it been done in Singapore?
Shanmugaratnam: With difficulty. But you have to take responsibility. Thats the responsibility you have to take as an elected government in a representative democracy. Youve got to make a judgment, youve got to explain your judgment, and you will either earn the respect of the people for making that judgment, or you dis-earn it.
I think its important to recognize that the way social culture evolves, the way social markets operate, theyre quite different from economic markets. In economics theres usually some reversion to the mean, and a trend in one direction is eventually corrected by a trend in the other direction. When it comes to social norms and values, theres no reversion to the mean. The natural workings of society can just as well lead to more and more segregation and problems getting more intractable over time.
Thats something we all know from the last 50 years, starting with the wide-eyed, unplanned experiments in multiculturalism. Social forces, social culture tends to self-perpetuate. So taking the uncomfortable decision to constrain some liberties early in the game, constraining hate speech, and intervening upstream in urban planning and education, to encourage people to mix together, allows you to keep a consensus in society, keep the middle strong, and prevent the centrifugal forces from operating.
Davis: So weve been looking back thus far, much of our conversation, on Singapores experience, how it got to where it is. Im guessing that you and the other ministers are not planning to just rest on your laurels, but that you actually have plans to continue promoting a cohesive society, continue promoting upward mobility. Could you tell us about some of the newer policy initiatives and some of the challenges, both the old ones that persist, but maybe new or intensified challenges that you see in Singapore and elsewhere that make that a difficult enterprise?
New challenges in the country
Shanmugaratnam: Well again, the challenges that we face in Singapore are not unique. First we have to think hard about how we can sustain social mobility, because it gets more difficult in every maturing society. It means starting earlier in a childs life, in fact even before a child is born, and continuing after a person leaves school and college. Those are the two big new enterprises in social policy. The earlier the better. [University of Chicagos] Jim Heckman got everyone thinking about this, and its now a truism: the earlier the better.
And we now know from good research that the prenatal period is critical. We used to know that nutrition was important, healthy habits were important during the prenatal period, and an underweight baby or a premature baby is not just a matter of disadvantage early in life, its a matter of disadvantage through life. But we now know something more, which is that problems in the prenatal period that do not present themselves at birth can keep coming up through life. Air pollution, emotional stress, a variety of problems that dont present themselves at birth, can last through the teens and well into working life.
We have to find effective ways of intervening, during the prenatal period and the earliest years of life. Its a much more difficult game than school systems, because not everything can be institutionalized. You don’t have the babies with you day and night. Theyre mainly at home, and the child-parent interaction is critical. How do you intervene in a way thats respectful and preserves the dignity of the family? It means new forms of intervention that involve local partnerships, because it cant be just the state. It has to involve civic organizations, friendly faces in the community, and a range of professionalseducational psychologists, health-care professionals, social workersworking in a team.
We have to be honest about this. The experience of the last 50 years is that nothing has worked particularly well to overcome the lottery of birth. Nothing has worked particularly well to redress the early disadvantages that some children face. So we need to be bold, we need to be experimental, we need to pilot test new approaches, but we also need some humility about it.
Another very important challenge, and area of public policy going forward, concerns how we help people achieve their fullest potential through life, after the school years. I would say we first have to ask serious questions about the current model of the bachelors degree, across a range of countries. What should college education or a postsecondary education be about? How do we best develop peoples potential and enable them to earn their own success through life?
If you look at the US, just 45 percent of students who enroll in four-year colleges complete their degree within five years. Of those who graduate, if we look at recent college graduates, 45 percent of them work in jobs that dont require a college degree. If you look at the much-talked-about college wage premiumthats the premium of wages earned by the median college graduate compared to the median high-school graduateits still quite a healthy premium and has gone up. But thats despite the median wages of college graduates having been flat in real terms for a very long time; the premium has gone up because high-school grads are now earning less in real terms than they used to. But more importantly, we mustnt just think about the median. If you look at the bottom quartile of college graduates, there is no premium over high-school graduates. And thats the bottom quartile of a much larger college cohort. No premium today, and in fact no premium even if you go back over the last few decades, to the 1970s.
Weve expanded college participation almost everywhere, but its a particular model of a college education, and it needs revisiting. Its overly academic; it doesnt have enough of the real world. That mattered less when few people went to college, but it matters greatly now. So we have to ask ourselves what the best mix of the academic and the practical is, for a broad span of each student cohort. First, whats the best mix for ensuring that they can get good jobs and earn a good living, but second, whats the best mix between the academic and practical, for developing human potential? People develop in different ways, through different exposures and experiences. So I think thats a pretty fundamental question.
The Swiss are the classic example. Even today, the majority of Swiss go through a vocational route of education after age 15, including intensive learning at the workplace. But we must also address the question of how much of education we front-load into the first 20 or 22 years of a persons life, and how much we spread throughout life, through regular injects during a persons working life. Its going to be necessary because skills become obsolete more quickly than they used to, and you can’t expect someone to go back to that reservoir of learning that they had when they were young to find new skills. It needs regular injections through life. How do we organize it? What mix of public and private resources do we use? Who are the curators of learning, and who are the teachers and mentors? How should employers be involved, and how should universities and polytechnic, or new providers, work with industry to anticipate new skills, help deliver those regular injections of learning?
Davis: In some respects, the lifelong-learning part beyond the traditional schooling years strikes me as an even more ambitious social development than better early-childhood development. As you said, Jim Heckman and others have pointed to the potentially huge payoff of early-childhood development, but I believe Jim, among many others, also found quite discouraging results about traditional-style job-retraining programs. The narrow focus on some skill development, often after somebodys lost his or her job, my understanding is those dont seem to work very well. So I presume you have something else in mindI know you have something else in mind. I believe there is a, for lack of a better term, an important psychological aspect to the skills-development initiatives in Singapore. Thats not something economists usually dwell on. Could you speak to that, what it takes to get people engaged, not just the narrow transmission of skills, but to get people to become the steward of their own life, their own skill development?
Shanmugaratnam: I have to say this is still an open space. We havent discovered the best way to do it. No one has a model in this regard. Its an open space that we all have to engage in now.
It does help to empower individuals themselves, and thats what were trying to do in Singapore. In January this year we started a scheme called SkillsFuture Credit. Everyone gets S$500 in a personal SkillsFuture account, to be spent only on learning, and we plan to top that up from time to time. Its for them to decide what they want to learn and the shape of that learning. You can wait several years, wait for more credits to accumulate in your account before doing something very significant. Or you can learn in small bites over time. We leave it to individuals to decide. The whole aim is to make everyone responsible for their learning, instead of just subsidizing employers or course providers. You decide.
People develop a passion for learning at different points in their life, we know that too. Many people dont have a passion for learning when theyre young, but it often develops later, depending on what youre working on, or some interest or ability you discover about yourself in midlife.
A second interesting thing is that we know from the research that the brain has a lot more plasticity as people get older than we used to think it had. The brain keeps learning in response to what we do, the work youre doing, the responsibilities you take on. What the psychologists call crystallized intelligence keeps developing, and doesnt peak [until] we are well into our 60s. It offers new potential, and a new area in public policy. We should never underestimate the middle-aged and older citizens, in their ability to learn something new and apply it on the job.
Third point, a very important point you mentioned, which comes out in the work of Jim Heckman and others, is that training in isolation of work opportunities doesnt work very well. Training thats linked to whats needed in the job youve been given tends to sink in better, and you are better motivated because its integrated with career development. So when we have people who are unemployed, weve got to get them back into jobs quickly, and work with them and their employers to train up. Its never a perfect strategy, but it works better in practice than training someone before he or she gets a job, and hoping that an employer recognizes what theyve been trained in.
Davis: OK, great. Id like to open up the discussion now to the audience.
Question 1: Singapore faces an aging challenge. Now you have a new policy initiative to try to move away from heavy dependence from the foreign labor force. So how do you combine the two things together? I mean, how do you provide enough labor supply for Singapore? What is the new policy initiative?
Shanmugaratnam: Its an important challenge. We can’t avoid a future of limited manpower growth. The local labor force is slowing down dramatically, and you cant keep adding to your labor-force growth by injecting foreign manpower because then the proportion of foreigners to local keeps growing. Were now at a foreign-manpower share of about one-third of the workforce. We will never be a Dubai, let me be frank. This will be a place with Singaporeans at the core and in the majority, and a range of foreigners with different skills and experience.
We cant boost labor-force growth, but we must do everything we can to boost productivity growth. How do we do it? If we leave it completely to the market, you can get stuck in mediocre growth for a long while before creative destruction finally does its work on the economy. But the old-style dirigisme or government-led industrial policies dont work very well either. I think theres a role for options in the middle, what Ill call market-responsive industrial policies, and they have to be focused on the supply side, developing skills and capabilities and supporting market innovations.
How do you speed up the rate of diffusion of new techniques and ideas from the leaders in each cluster to the rest in that cluster? Theres a role for coordination among market players. Theres a role for public-private partnerships in training and in R&D. And theres a role for industry platforms that enable small enterprises to hop on and benefit from collective learning and possibly from shared infrastructure and technologies.
So theres a role for government in supporting the marketin developing capabilities and speeding up diffusion of new techniques. But we never predict whats going to succeed very far in advance in Singapore. We dont have a serious industrial policy, certainly we never had a policy like what existed in Japan or Korea in earlier decades. We just keep listening to the major players in each industry, some of whom are global leaders, understand the business strategies and plans, then ask ourselves if we can help develop the cluster, and try to speed up the acquisition of skills and rate of diffusion of knowledge within the area. Thats our approach.
Davis: Can you give a concrete example of the platform that enables small and medium-sized enterprises?
Shanmugaratnam: Lets say aerospace. Its a good example because we didnt predict that we would grow an aerospace industry in Singapore. It wasnt driven by government plans. It came out of adjacencies. Adjacencies with the electronics industry, and with precision engineering, two major existing industries with capabilities adjacent to an aerospace industry. We found that a few global firms were interested in doing something in Singapore in aerospace, taking advantage of these adjacencies. It started in a small way, then we saw it growing. So we asked what we could do to accelerate it. You need a reliable supply chain. We started helping a range of smaller enterprises, like local precision engineering SMEs, to adapt and equip themselves to service global leaders in aerospace. So we developed that SME ecosystem around aerospace.
Second, a platform of training. We introduced in our Institute of Technical Education, which is our vocational track in tertiary education, and in our polytechnics, serious training in skills required in aerospace. Third, we worked with the industry for continual training to take place. Fourth, R&D. Were collaborating with the firms in R&D, because we think there are externalities in each of these investments and theres a role for public policy.
So thats an example. We didnt have an industrial policy that said aerospace is the industry of the future. We waited for the market to tell us what was coming and what they thought they could do in Singapore, and then we sought to support capability development and speed up the development of an ecosystem that works.
Question 2: My question is on how to recruit good politicians. You started your career as an economist at MAS and you are now deputy prime minister; it is amazing for us to see such an intelligent person as the deputy prime minister, and as a country becomes rich, theres a general tendency that young, ambitious people do not go to public service, which used to be a potential source of good politicians in Singapore. So how, going forward, how does Singapore find good politicians who guide the future course of Singapores economy and society?
Shanmugaratnam: It helps that weve had a social tradition where working in the public service, to begin with the civil service, has not been frowned upon. It has been respected. There have been many Asian countries where that had been the case. Weve also kept that going in Singapore by getting rid of corruption, starting from our earliest years. Every time theres a suspicion of any corruption, small or big, its pursued with full energy. Doesnt matter who you are. So when you combine a profession for which there has been some social respect with a very serious and institutionalized system of keeping things clean, I think you keep in high standing the idea of working in public office.
Politics will involve new challenges. Politics is getting a lot more pluralistic in Singapore, and more contested. The population is much more educated, and there are generational differences in aspirations, in values, in preferences. Its getting a lot more diverse than it used to be, and you have to respond to that as a politician in a way that doesnt just play to peoples views and anxieties at any point in time, but tries to unify people and inspire thinking around the future. Thats our bias in Singapore. Its a bias toward keeping that consensus in the middle whilst accepting that theres diversity around it, and inspiring people in the future.
Thats frankly a challenge for all our democracies. If you can hold the middle strong, it makes it a little easier to focus on the future. Once the middle weakens and you get polarization, its very hard in practice to get people to focus on the future. And if we are talking about social mobility, every conceivable investment or strategy we can take on mobility, whether its prenatal or in the early years or injections in learning through life, every strategy takes years to pay off. Not one electoral term, not even two electoral terms. It takes years to pay off. The short-termism that comes with a weak middle in politics is an enemy of mobility.
So we have that bias in Singapore. Keep the center strong. A little conservative in some respects, and we have to allow for more diversity over time, but keep the middle strong, and keep inspiring people in the future. It also makes it easier to attract good people into politics.
Davis: Will you be able to sustain this forward-looking nature of your policy if and when Singaporean politics become more competitive?
Shanmugaratnam: Incidentally, its a lot more competitive than meets the eye. We have to work extremely hard to keep the vote going at our favor, believe me. I might be a minister, but Im a member of Parliament responsible for my constituency and I can tell you I work a lot harder than any of my international counterparts that Ive met. Its a competitive democracy, and anything can happen. But there is a way in which the governing party has reshaped the culture of politics, so that everyone in politics is held accountable to the consequences of their policies for the future. Its not easy to be a rabid populist in Singapore. People view you with some skepticism now, and I dont think that came naturally. That came out of creating a political culture. So its another example of the more general point Im makinghow the right culture helps to sustain itself, just like the wrong culture also sustains itself. We see that everywhere.
Steven J. Davis is a writer in Chicago Booth Review.
This article was originally published in the Chicago Booth Review.
Featured image credits: Visual Hunt